FHA loan requirements for 2022: First-time buyers’ guide

FHA loan requirements make home buying easier

FHA loan requirements are more flexible than many other programs. Home buyers need only a 580 credit score and 3.5% down payment to be eligible for an FHA home loan.

Other requirements apply, too; for instance, you need a steady history of income and employment. And FHA requires you to buy a primary residence, meaning a home you’ll live in full-time.

Unlike some other first-time home buyer programs, FHA has no income limits and can be flexible about your credit score and debt history. So if you need a lenient mortgage program, this might be the perfect fit.

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FHA loan requirements

FHA loan requirements are set by the Federal Housing Administration. The basic requirements to qualify for an FHA mortgage include:

• 3.5% down payment: You need a minimum down payment of 3.5%, which would total $10,500 on a $300,000 home
• Credit score of 580: You need a FICO score of 580 or higher with a down payment below 10 percent. You could get approved with a FICO score as low as 500 if you can make a 10% down payment (though many lenders don’t allow this)
• DTI below 50%: It’s possible to qualify with a debt-to-income ratio (DTI) as high as 50. But most lenders look for DTI in the 43% to 45% range
• Primary residence: These loans won’t work for investment properties or vacation homes
• FHA minimum property requirements: The FHA requires you to buy a home that’s safe, sound, and secure. An FHA appraiser will check out the home you’d like to buy
• FHA loan limits: The 2021 mortgage limit for most areas is $, but your loan amount could be larger if you live in a high-cost area

These requirements are a bit looser than some other loan programs, making it easier to qualify for an FHA loan if you have lower credit or large existing debts.

The main drawback here is that FHA requires both upfront and annual mortgage insurance premiums. These fees keep the FHA program operating.

On a 30-year mortgage, you’d pay an upfront mortgage insurance premium of 1.75% of your loan amount, along with 0.85% annually for the life of the loan. If you put 10% down or more, annual mortgage insurance payments expire after 11 years.

How an FHA loan works

First-time and repeat home buyers alike can use the FHA loan program to buy or refinance a home affordably.

The FHA program backs mortgages for single-family homes being used as a primary residence. But you could buy a multi-unit property, like a duplex or triplex, as long as you live in one of the units.

Since the federal government insures FHA loans, buyers with smaller down payments and lower credit scores can qualify for mortgages.

This can make home buying much more approachable for those with lower incomes, who might have trouble saving for a down payment and closing costs.

To qualify, you will need to meet FHA loan requirements. But, fortunately, these are much more lenient than many other loan programs.

Lenders can set their own FHA loan requirements

All FHA loans are not the same. There are many types of FHA loans, and mortgage rates vary by lender.

The FHA sets minimum eligibility requirements for all the loans it insures. But each FHA lender can enforce its own rules. The FHA calls these lender-specific rules “overlays.”

For example, a lender could have higher credit score requirements than the FHA’s. Or, a lender could enforce stricter rules about previous foreclosures in your credit report.

It works the other way around, too.

For instance, one FHA lender could allow a higher DTI than another one. Or, one lender could let you use tax returns to show your income while another may insist on pay stubs to prove your employment history.

Because of these variations, when you’ve been turned down for an FHA mortgage by one lender, you should always try to apply with another which may approve your FHA loan request. Plus, mortgage rates can be very different from bank to bank.

In addition, the FHA offers special refinance loans, cash-out refinance loans, home construction loans, and other benefits to its applicants.

If you’ve been turned down for an FHA loan with your lender, consider applying somewhere else. Your loan may be approved once you re-apply.

FHA loan requirements vs. conventional loan guidelines

FHA loans offer an alternative to conventional loans, which are also available nationwide without income or geographic restrictions.

A “conventional loan” is a mortgage that’s not backed by a government agency such as the FHA, USDA, or VA.

Since you wouldn’t have government insurance backing your conventional loan, you’d depend more on your own credit profile to qualify.

	Conventional Loan	FHA Loan
Minimum Credit Score	620	580
Maximum DTI	Up to 45% in some cases	Up to 50% in some cases
Minimum Down Payment	3%	3.5%
Annual Mortgage Insurance	Required unless you put 20% or more down	Required with any down payment
Upfront Mortgage Insurance	Not required	Required
Maximum Loan Size*	$	$
Property Use	Primary residences, vacation homes, rental homes	Primary residence only

*High-cost areas offer higher loan limits for both FHA and conventional loans

As you can see, there are some similarities between FHA and conventional loan qualifying rules.

But remember, these are the minimum requirements for qualifying.

While you may be able to get a conventional loan with 3% down, a credit score of 620, and a DTI pushing 45%, lenders would likely charge higher interest rates compared to someone who has a stronger credit profile.

Borrowers who barely qualify for a conventional loan may be better candidates for an FHA loan, even with the FHA’s higher down payment and upfront mortgage insurance premium.

On the other hand, if your credit score is in the mid-to-high 700s, and you have enough money to put 10% or 20% down, you’ll save more with a conventional loan.

To find out for sure, you can experiment with a mortgage calculator or compare preapproval offers.

Five things to know about qualifying for an FHA loan

Knowing the facts about FHA loans can help you find out whether this is the type of mortgage you need.

Here are some lesser-known facts that could help you better understand the program.

1. The FHA is not a mortgage lender

The FHA is not a mortgage lender. It’s a mortgage insurer.

The acronym “FHA” stands for Federal Housing Administration, a government agency within the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD).

The FHA doesn’t make mortgage loans to home buyers or refinancing households. Rather, the FHA provides mortgage insurance to banks, credit unions, and other lenders which make loans meeting the FHA requirements listed above.

The FHA would reimburse lenders for part of their losses if your loan went into foreclosure or the short-sale process.

It’s this FHA insurance that helps lenders extend credit even when you have a lower credit score and a smaller down payment.

2. FHA loans aren’t just for first-time home buyers

FHA loans are not for first-time buyers only. First-time and repeat buyers can finance houses with FHA mortgages.

The FHA loan is often marketed as a product for “first-time buyers” because of its low down payment requirements.

But not all repeat homebuyers have excellent credit or lots of money saved for a down payment on a home. The FHA home loan program is open to them, too.

You couldn’t use this type of mortgage for a second home, investment property, or commercial real estate — only home purchase loans for primary residences.

The FHA will insure mortgages for any primary residence. There is no requirement that you must be a first-time buyer to use the FHA loan program.

3. FHA loans don’t have income or geographic limits

Other low-down-payment mortgage programs may have special eligibility requirements. Many are limited to those with low, very low, or moderate income. Or they are available to only certain groups.

The VA loan, for example, allows 100% financing. But you must be an eligible military borrower to use it.

The USDA Rural Development loan also allows 100% financing, but the program requires you to buy in a designated rural area and imposes income limits, too.

By comparison, anyone can apply for an FHA loan. They aren’t just for certain groups, income levels, or ZIP codes.

For most buyers, FHA mortgages require a 3.5% down payment. This makes the FHA mortgage one of the most lenient mortgage types available nationwide.

Your down payment money could be a gift from a family member, employer, charitable organization, or government homebuyer program.

4. FHA loans allow lower credit scores

FHA loans feature some of the most flexible and forgiving credit standards of any available loan type. With an FHA-backed loan, you don’t need perfect credit.

In fact, the FHA expressly instructs lenders to consider a borrower’s complete credit history — not just isolated instances of bad financial luck or an occasional late payment.

FHA interest rates are often lower than those of conventional loans for people in the same “credit bucket.” That’s because FHA does not add risk-based surcharges for things like lower credit scores, higher loan-to-value ratios (LTV), or condos and manufactured homes.

This doesn’t mean you’re guaranteed to qualify. But borrowers with a “banged-up” history have a much better chance of getting loan approval via the FHA than other loan options.

Even if you’ve been turned down for other types of credit, such as an auto loan, credit card, or other home loan program, an FHA-backed loan may open the door to homeownership for you.

5. FHA loans aren’t expensive

FHA loans can be more expensive, or less expensive, than other loan types. The long-term cost of an FHA loan depends on your loan size, your down payment, and your location.

The biggest cost of an FHA home loan is usually not its mortgage rate. In fact, FHA loans often have lower interest rates than comparable conventional mortgage rates via Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.

The biggest cost is the FHA mortgage insurance.

FHA mortgage insurance premiums (MIP) are payments made to the FHA to insure your loan against default. MIP is how the FHA collects “dues” to keep its program available to U.S homeowners at no cost to taxpayers.

You pay MIP in two parts:

• The first part is known as upfront MIP. You can pay this out-of-pocket as part of your closing costs, have a motivated home seller pay it for you, or wrap it into your new loan balance. It’s up to you
• The second part comes due each year. It’s your annual MIP. Your lender will split this annual payment into 12 installments and add one to each of your monthly mortgage payments

Annual MIP can range as high as 1.10% for high-cost homes in areas such as Orange County, California; Potomac, Maryland; and New York City.

For most borrowers, MIP is between 0.45% and 0.85%, depending on your loan term (15- or 30-year) and the loan-to-value (putting less than 10% down, your MIP is higher).

Keep in mind that unlike conventional mortgages, FHA MIP does not expire once you have paid your loan down to 80% or 78%. It remains in force as long as you have your mortgage. If you put 10% or more down, FHA MIP expires after 11 years.

FHA loan requirements FAQ

Check your FHA loan eligibility

FHA mortgage rates are on par with market rates for many borrowers. And you don’t need a great credit score or high income to qualify.

Check with a few lenders to verify your FHA loan eligibility and find your lowest interest rate.